Boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases is an excellent and muchneeded text of the theory of these condensates although progress continues at a cracking pace, there is now a set of basic notions that it is sensible to teach postgraduates, including the way that condensates are made and their physical properties as macroscopic quantum systems. The search for bose einstein condensation bec in dilute atomic gases began in earnest in 1978 1, precipitated by the suggestion of stwalley and nosanow 2 that spinpolarized atomic hydrogen should be an ideal candidate for the study of such extreme quantum behavior. Wieman for the achievement of bose einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates. We consider an interacting, dilute bose gas trapped in a harmonic potential at a positive temperature. Meanfield theory provides a framework to understand the main features of the. The nobel prize in physics 2001 was awarded jointly to eric a. Wieman, experiments in dilute atomic boseeinstein condensation in boseeinstein condensation in atomic gases, proceedings of. Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at which point microscopic quantum phenomena, particularly wavefunction interference. The experimental realization of bose einstein condensates bec of dilute gases of alkalis 87rb, 23na and 7li were observed at very low temperatures following the improvement in cooling and trapping techniques 1, 2, 3. Boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases pdf free download. The study of boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases draws on many di. Pdf boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases pethick. To exhibit boseeinstein condensation, the fermions must pair up to form bosonic compound particles e.
In this book the authors explain phenomena in ultracold gases. Boseeinstein condensation in the solid state images of the energy distribution of polaritons as a function of the excitation density. Boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases currently unavailable. Boseeinstein condensation can occur in quasiparticles, particles that are effective descriptions of collective excitations in materials. Einstein immediately agreed with bose, and they described the indistinguishability of photons and bose einstein statistics. The authors of this textbook explain this exciting newsubjectintermsofbasicphysicalprinciples,withoutassumingdetailed knowledge of anyof these sub. The study of boseeinstein condensates in dilute gases encompasses a number of different subfields of physics, including atomic, condensed matter.
At low enough temperatures the system undergoes a transition. Boseeinstein condensate in a linear trap with a dimple. Some have integer spins and can be expected to obey boseeinstein statistics like traditional particles. Boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases 2, pethick, c. Jun 01, 2002 bose einstein condensation of dilute gases offer rich field study fundamental quantummechanical processes, manipulation of the speed at which light propagates, observation of atomic pairformation and superfluidity, or even simulating white dwarf stars. Jan 19, 2010 bose einstein condensation of polaritons has been demonstrated from the longrange coherence of the emitted light, and the superfluidity properties of these nonequilibrium polariton gases are presently attracting a strong interest in both the experimental and the conceptual points of view. The rst experimental realization of bose einstein condensation was achieved simultaneously by e. Abstract in this article, we present a current perspective on advances in the theoretical understanding of bose einstein condensation from the standpoint of atomic, molecular and optical amo physics. Lecture 21 bose einstein condensation specific heat and entropy. Wieman, experiments in dilute atomic boseeinstein condensation in boseeinstein condensation in atomic gases, proceedings of the international school of physics enrico fermi course cxl m.
Received on 8 february, 2004 the material presented here consists of lecture notes written for. It is composed of bosons, which have an integer value of spin, and obey bose einstein statistics. Boseeinstein condensation in lowdimensional trapped gases. Bose einstein condensation in dilute gases pethick c j. Boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases anatomicboseeinsteincondensate,predictedbyeinsteinin1925,was. For a somewhat more scholarly treatment of the history, the interested reader is referred to e.
Boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases by pethick, christopher. Boseeinstein condensation of dilute gases in traps. From left to right, below threshold for condensation. Lecture 23 classical nonideal gas the mayer cluster expansion. Meanfield theory provides a framework to understand the main features of the condensation and the role of interactions between particles. About bose einstein condensation bec history of bec 4 28 c stefan kienzle. Bose einstein condensation in dilute gases will be useful to newcomers to the field and will help researchers with diverse backgrounds communicate with each other.
However, in most cases, only a small part of the sample is bose condensed and strong interactions are present. Wieman jila, university of colorado and national institute of standards and technology, and department of physics, university of colorado, boulder, co 803090440, usa. Description of the book bose einstein condensation in dilute gases. This gaseous state, a bose einstein condensate, was produced in the laboratory for the first time in 1995 and investigating such condensates is. In 1925 einstein predicted that at low temperatures particles in a gas could all reside in the same quantum state. Smith pethick and smith provide a unified introduction to the physics of ultracold atomic bose and fermi gases. From a theoretical point of view, the situation in dilute gases is unique compared. Boseeinstein condensation nanobio spectroscopy group. The studyof bose einstein condensates in dilute gases encompasses a numberofdi. Atomic physics provides the basic methods for creating and manipulating these systems, and the physical data required to characterize them. This advance has paved the way to the precise control of the quantum behavior of ultracold atomic systems. Boseeinstein condensation a bose einstein condensate is a state of a dilute gas, sometimes also called fth state of matter, of weakly interacting bosons i. The authors of this textbook explain this exciting new subject in terms of basic physical principles, without assuming detailed knowledge of any of these subfields.
It lies at the heart of such intriguing processes as superfluidity and superconductivity. Boseeinstein condensation in a dilute, trapped gas at. Boseeinstein condensation in an external potential i. The superfluid properties of a boseeinstein condensed gas.
Pdf boseeinstein condensates are an ideal testing ground for quantum field theory in real time and at finite temperatures basic topics of. Bose einstein condensates in dilute atomic gases, which were. A weakly interacting, pure bose einstein condensate bec has therefore been called the holy grail of. It is an excellent text, a broad survey with some indepth discussions. Bose einstein condensation in dilute gases currently unavailable. Bose einstein condensation in dilute gases kindle edition by pethick, c. Pethick and smith provide a unified introduction to the physics of ultracold atomic bose and fermi gases for students, experimentalists and theorists alike. Boseeinstein condensation in dilute atomic gases scielo. It is an excellent text, a broad survey with some indepth discussions an excellent text such as this is. From the point of view of statistical mechanics in general and bose einstein condensation in particular, a novel feature of these experiments is the presence of a trap which supplies an external potential that keeps the atomic gas together. Pdf the theory of boseeinstein condensation of dilute gases. This work was supported in part by nasa s office of biological and physical research. Bose einstein condensates are comparably low 1012 to 1014 atoms per cubic centimeter, interactions signi cantly alter the properties of the macroscopic wave function in many respects. Boseeinstein condensates composed of a wide range of isotopes have been produced.
Phil thesis, trinity 2002 this thesis describes experiments carried out on magnetically trapped bose einstein condensates of 87rb atoms and the theoretical interpretation of the results. Theory of boseeinstein condensation in trapped gases. The interacting bose gas with repulsive potential is considered in the polymer representation and some of the yet unsolved mathematical questions for establishing the existence of bose condensation in this setting are discussed. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading bose einstein condensation in dilute gases. The sudden collapse of bosons into the groundstate at temperatures below the bose temperature is known as bose einstein condensation. Conditions for condensation of various quasiparticles have been predicted and observed. It is an excellent text, a broad survey with some indepth discussions an excellent text such as this is needed in these exciting times. A bose einstein condensate bec is a state of matter also called the fifth state of matter which is typically formed when a gas of bosons at low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero 273. The ground state of a gas of bosons confined in an external trap potential and interacting via repulsive twobody forces has recently been shown to exhibit. Wieman jila, university of colorado and national institute of standards and technology, and department of physics, university of colorado, boulder, colorado 803090440 published 19 august 2002. Pdf theory of boseeinstein condensation in trapped gases. Boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases second edition since an atomic boseeinstein condensate, predicted by einste. Boseeinstein condensation in dilute atomic gases a.
The theory of boseeinstein condensation of dilute gases boseeinstein condensates are an ideal testing ground for quantum field theory in real time and at finite temperaturesbasic topics of great importance for diverse physical systems. A new form of matter an online lecture by ketterle introducing and explaining bose einstein condensates. Cambridge core condensed matter physics, nanoscience and mesoscopic physics boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases by c. The study of bose einstein condensates in dilute gases encompasses a. Bose einstein condensation in dilute atomic gases a. Lecture 20 bose einstein condensation in an ideal bose gas. The book is meant to be introductory, but the authorsworld experts in transport phenomenaoffer sophisticated discussions of such nonequilibrium. Bose einstein condensation in dilute gases by pethick, christopher. Publication date 2002 topics bose einstein condensation. An ideal bose gas is a quantummechanical phase of matter, analogous to a classical ideal gas. Boseeinstein condensation and superfluidity key concepts in low temperature physics. Thus, cold trapped atomic gases have become the ideal object. Boseeinstein condensation of exciton polaritons nature.
Boseeinstein condensation of quasiparticles wikipedia. The theory of boseeinstein condensation of dilute gases article pdf available in physics today 5212. About boseeinstein condensation bec history of bec 4 28. Wieman led a team of physicists that created a nearly pure condensate by cooling a vapor of rubidium atoms to a temperature of. Received on 8 february, 2004 the material presented here consists of lecture notes written for a. This book explains the phenomena in ultracold gases from basic principles, without assuming a detailed knowledge of atomic. Recent major progress in atomic quantum gases main object of the present course 2bec can be defined at equilibrium superfluidity mainly related to transport phenomena natural link between bec and superfluidity provided by order parameter. This is why the direct observation of bose einstein condensation of trapped atoms has become so important and intensively studied phenomenon 112. Ketterle nobel lecture 2001 and his talk given at mits teachers program 240603. The 2001 nobel prize in physics awarded to the lead scientists for the two groups who first created bose einstein condensates. The rst theoretical description of bose einstein condensation bec in an ideal gas dates from 1924, when einstein published his articles on the quantum theory of an ideal gas. Cooling fermions to extremely low temperatures has created degenerate gases, subject to the pauli exclusion principle. Boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases in 1925 einstein.
Bose einstein condensation bec has long been known to be a key element of macroscopic quantum phenomena such as superconductivity and superfluidity. While we experience many of these in everyday life, some of the more exotic phases of matter are a little trickier to find. Boseeinstein condensation bec, a form of matter first postulated in 1924, has famously been demonstrated in dilute atomic gases at ultralow temperatures. Lecture 22 superfluid 4 he, bec in trapped atomic gases, classical gas with internal degrees of freedom. This theory was extended to describe the interacting bose. The trapped bose gases are dilute and can be cooled down to very low temperatures. Jan 11, 2002 bose einstein condensation is one of the most curious and fascinating phenomena in physics. The first 70 years and some recent experiments nobel lecture, december 8, 2001 by eric a. Einstein condensation bec has long been known to be a key element of macroscopic quantum phenomena such as superconductivity and superfluidity. The result is bose einstein condensation, a macroscopic occupation of the ground state of the gas. As we have seen in this thesis, an increasingly controllable macroscopic quantum system is a bose einstein condensed state of a trapped dilute gas 25, 124. The statistical mechanics of bosons were developed by satyendra nath bose for a photon gas, and extended to massive particles by albert einstein who realized that an ideal gas of bosons would form a. Pdf boseeinstein condensation in dilute atomic gases.
Boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases by pethick, c. The study of bose einstein condensates in dilute gases encompasses a number of different subfields of physics, including atomic, condensed matter, and nuclear physics. A boseeinstein condensate is a state of a dilute gas, sometimes also called fifth state of matter, of weakly interacting bosons i. Since an atomic bose einstein condensate, predicted by einstein in 1925, was first produced in the laboratory in 1995, the study of ultracold bose and fermi gases has become one of the most active areas in contemporary physics. To put these investigations on a quantitative level. I acknowledge the use of materials and slides from w. First, cooling of neutral atoms into their motional ground state, thus subjecting them to ultimate control, limited only by heisenbergs uncertainty relation. Sep 28, 2006 boseeinstein condensation bec, a form of matter first postulated in 1924, has famously been demonstrated in dilute atomic gases at ultralow temperatures. This gaseous state, a bose einstein condensate, was produced in the laboratory for the first time in 1995 and investigating such condensates has become one of the most active areas in contemporary physics. Still more radical applications are on the horizon. Boseeinstein condensation in dilute gases will be useful to newcomers to the field and will help researchers with diverse backgrounds communicate with each other. In school we are usually taught about matter in one of three possible states. Rogelsalazar and others published bose einstein condensation in dilute gases, 2nd ed. Mar 14, 2002 the early experiments on bose einstein condensation in dilute atomic gases accomplished three longstanding goals.
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